Steuben County is located in the Finger Lakes Region of New York State. The main highway through the region is the Southern Tier Expressway, Route 17. Traversing the entire Southern Tier, Route 17 runs from Jamestown in the west to Orange County, just north of New York City in the east. Interstate 390, which intersects Route 17, winds its way southward into Steuben County from Rochester and Interstate 90. Highway 15 provides a link between Steuben County, the Pennsylvania Amish Country and Washington, D.C.

Situated in the rolling hills of New York State, Steuben County is less than a day's drive from many cities located in the eastern United States and Canada. Steuben County is located midway between New York City and Niagara Falls, as well as halfway between Washington, D.C., and Toronto.